15th International Congress on Advances in Natural Medicines, Nutraceuticals & Neurocognition July 08-09, 2019 Berllin, Geramany

Biography:

Jessica Williams has completed her PhD at the age of 25 years from Cardiff University School of Medicine, along with postdoctoral studies from Cardiff University School of Biosciences. Contributions to a number of publications in reputable journals.

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Omega-6 poly unsaturated fatty acids have caused great controversy in terms of cardiovascular health. However, some have been shown as anti-inflammatory, but their role in atherosclerosis is poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the impact of DGLA, found in vegetable oils, nuts and seeds on atherosclerosis progression in vivo. Our previous in vitro studies have shown that DGLA attenuates several pro-atherogenic cellular processes. Studies have moved in vivo, where the impact of DGLA supplementation was determined on cholesterol, triglyceride and organ/body weight in LDLR mice fed a High Fat Diet (HFD). The presence of atherosclerotic plaque was determined in these animals, along with plaque size, lipid content and inflammatory make-up. Whether DGLA supplementation impacted on key atherosclerosis gene expression in the liver was also investigated. 8-week-old, male LDLR mice were fed a HFD DGLA (500mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Plasma samples were analysed for lipid and lipoprotein levels. Aortic root sections were histologically analysed to determine plaque presence, size and lipid content. Immunofluorescence was used to further identify plaque inflammatory status. Atherosclerosis PCR arrays were used to determine gene expression from liver samples. Despite no changes in plasma cholesterol levels, DGLA supplementation decreased plaque occlusion and lipid content. Macrophages, smooth muscle cells and T-cells were also decreased in these plaques. In animals fed HFD DGLA, the expression of 5 genes were significantly increased and expression of 20 genes were significantly decreased. These data demonstrate the anti-inflammatory actions of DGLA that can be exploited for the treatment/prevention of atherosclerosis.

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The influence of mutations on the nutritional value of Rapeseed Meal (RSM)

Background: Members of family cruciferae contain many health promoting and potentially protective phytochemicals including folic acid, phenolics, sinapines, carotenoids, selenium, glucosinolates and ascorbic acids. However, presence of antinutrients e.g. glucosinolates remains a limiting factor for the use of Rape Seed Meal (RSM) as animal feed. Mutation breeding method is rapid, potential and valuable tool to create genetic variability for various quantitative and qualitative characters in crop plants. Induced mutations are produced by the use of mutagenic agents like physical mutagens (x-rays, Gamma rays etc.) and chemical mutagens (alkylating agents, base analogues etc.). However gamma rays act on genetic material by ionization leading to more of chromosomal rather than point mutations and gamma rays are successfully used in plant breeding program because of its simple application, good penetration, reproducibility and high mutation frequency and less disposal problems.

Objectives: Two Indian mustard varieties were studied for biochemical analysis to explore the potential mutations (Physical and Chemical) for raising confidence in using oilseed meal in monogastric diets. This study will focus on the variability of RSM biochemical composition and the influences of mutation on this and major phytochemicals.

Methods: PM-21 & PM-30 were selected to study maximum diversity on oil content, whole-seed glucosinolate content, phytic acid, nutritional factors after the physical after gamma irradiation and EMS treatment. Seeds were grinded and defatted by hexane treatment to prepare seed meal samples. Biochemical characterization was carried out using standard laboratory methodologies for linoleic acid, oleic acid, MUFA, PUFA, total protein, total glucosinolate content, aliphatic glucosinolates, phytic acid, B-carotene and sinapine. A qualitative analysis & quantitative analysis by standard chemical protocol of secondary metabolites in the seeds of rapeseed mustard have been studied. Free and esterified phenolic acids of rapeseed were extracted with petroleum ether and determined by HPLC

Results: Oil stability index which is the ratio of MUFA: PUFA ranged from 1.34 to 0.56. Total protein content ranged from 30.33 g/100g to 34.84 g/100g. Glucosinolate content averaged 20.4μmol/g with an overall range (21.43-38.6μmol/g). Variation in glucosinolate content among genotypes, also suggest differences in their health promoting properties and the opportunity for enhancement of their levels through genetic manipulation (Kushad et al., 1999). The lower sinigrin content (>15 μmole/g) were also recorded in PM-21. However perusal of glucosinolate and sinigrin data clearly indicates the positive significant relationship between total glucosinolate and sinigrin content. Phytic acid averaged 2.83 g/100g and varied less (1.32-3.78 g/100g). β-carotene content ranged from 4.00 to 6.00 ppm. Sinapine averaged at 8.68 mg/g (5.33-10.21 mg/g). HPLC analysis showed that p-hydroxy benzoic and sinapic acid are the most common phenolics present in almost all the varieties. Other phenolic acids such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid were also present in some genotypes in detectable amount.

Conclusion: Biochemical levels of all above studied parameters come closely to the published values for rapeseed meal and show comparatively little variation. β-carotene, phytic acid and sinapine values were generally low with little potential for variety improvement of the cultivars. However the major cause of glucosinolate content variability is genetically controlled and therefore the RSM levels can be improved by controlling the standard set for varietal releases. Revalidation of work is under progress.

Biography:

Yee-Hung Chan is in the second year of her British Heart Foundation-funded PhD at Cardiff University. Prior to this, she completed her Master of Research in Biosciences and Bachelor of Science in Biomedical Science degrees also at Cardiff University, where she undertook research projects with Prof. Dipak Ramji which involved investigating various nutraceuticals for atherosclerosis.

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(+)-Catechin, a naturally-occurring flavanol, has demonstrated multiple anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties in our previous studies using human monocytes/macrophages and in a short-term pilot study using wild-type mice fed High-Fat Diet (HFD). However, key questions yet to be answered are; does this anti-atherogenic activity expand to other key cell types implicated in data show that (+)-catechin significantly attenuates reactive oxygen species production in HUVECs and HASMCs, inhibits HASMC migration and has beneficial effects on HUVEC mitochondrial bioenergetic profile. Additionally, (+)-catechin feeding reduces fat pad weights, plasma triglyceride levels and aortic sinus plaque size. Pending further outcomes and later, regression studies, (to see if (+)-catechin can stimulate regression of existing plaques), the disease and can (+)-catechin attenuate disease progression and stimulate its regression in vivo in a model system of atherosclerosis? Firstly, to determine whether (+)-catechin can attenuate endothelial dysfunction, key associated parameters are being studied using Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) in a range of assays. To investigate the effect of (+)-catechin on vascular smooth muscle cell migration, Human Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells (HASMCs) were used to recapitulate migration in vitro, via a modified Boyden chamber method. Secondly, to determine whether (+)-catechin can attenuate atherogenesis and promote plaque stabilisation, low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (LDLr-/-) mice were fed HFD supplemented with (+)-catechin for 12 weeks; various tissues/organs were harvested to analyse the resulting plaque and disease risk factors.

These data will form a solid basis for progression onto human studies in future, opening up alternative avenues for the prevention/treatment of atherosclerosis.

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